The COAL wastes of Zarand COAL wASHing Plant are accumulated in near of this plant. The rate of extractable Alumina from the COAL waste ASH is about 27%. The amount of these wastes estimated about 107tons which about 1000 tons are added to them daily. In this study Alumina was extracted from wastes using: Lime-soda sintering, leaching of sinter, desilication of leaching solution, carbonation of desilicate solution with CO2 and precipitation of Al(OH)3 calcined Al(OH)2 processes respectively. The optimum condition achieved for each process as fallows: 1-Sinteringprocess; mol ratio of CaO/SiO2 =1.8. Na2O/Al2O3=1.3 in raw materials, particle size of raw materials: 12.5 % residual of 170 mesh sieve, time=35 minutes, temperature= 1275°C, sinter blain = 250 m2/kg. 2-Leaching process; solvent: NaOH 5.6 g/l solution, solid-liquid ratio =2, time=30 minutes and temperature=60°C 3-Desilication process; reagent: Ca(OH)2 10 g/l suspension, liquid - liquid ratio = 2, time=15 minutes, temperature: environmental temperature. 4-Carbonation process; amount of CO2 for Alumina precipitation in 250ml of 16.5 g/l Alumina solution: 1 liter/minutes for 20 minutes.5- Calcinations of AL(OH)3; temperature= 1250°C, time 30 minutes. The results showed that in optimum conditions about 74 % Alumina holding 99 % purification can be extracted from COAL waste ASH.

COAL is a major source of energy. The available Indian COAL quality is very poor having very high ASH content and low calorific value. Indian COAL generates a large quantity of ASH as a by-product of combustion. The objectives of the present study were to reduce the ASH content of COAL to produce ultra-clean COAL. The COAL was treated with a dual chemical leaching process consisting of NaOH followed by HCl. During experiments, the concentration of NaOH was varied from 2. 5 to 10 M with 1. 4 N HCl. Effect of shaking speed and time was analysed at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm and 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours respectively. After chemical leaching, the ASH content was reduced from 35. 33 to 0. 98% in the ultra-clean COAL. The concentration of alkali, shaking speed and time of duration were found as highly influencing parameters for the reduction of ASH content in the COAL. Moreover, the current study should result in a better option for the removal of ASH content from low-rank Indian COALs.

The most extensive Iranian COAL-bearing basin is located in an area of 30000 km2, situated approximately 75 km from the Tabas county, south Khorasan Province, Iran. In this work, the Tabas COAL ASH is studied and investigated for the purpose of determination of the rare earth elements (REE) content, and the identification of the distribution patterns of trace elements. The elemental and phase analysis experiments were conducted using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively-coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-MS), wet chemical analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDS) techniques. The XRD results showed that the phases in the Tabas COAL ASH were quartz, clay minerals, alkali feldspar, magnetite, and pyrite in order of abundance. The elemental analysis showed that the major elements were Si, Al, K, Fe, Mg, S, and Na, which was in good accordance with the chemical composition of the recognized minerals by the XRD method. The concentration of REEs was varied from 0. 10 ppm (for Tm) to 68. 48 ppm (for Ce), with an arithmetic mean of 14. 19 ppm. The abundance of 16 REE elements was or even below the average of the earth crust abundances. Only one rare earth element (Samarium) was about 4. 4 and 2. 2 times more abundant than in the earth crust and in the world coking COAL ASHes. In order to further assess the occurrence states of REEs in each of detected mineral, the Fe-SEM/EDX method was used. The SEM/EDS analysis showed that REEs were mainly concentrated in the clay minerals.

Background: Indonesia is one of world’ s largest producers of COAL. COAL fly ASH (CFA), a product of the COAL combustion process, consists of various minerals and causes toxic effects by inhalation. This study aimed to analyze the toxic effects of CFA inhalation in mice models by examining oxidative stress and inflammation markers in the blood. Methods: A true experimental with post-test control group design was used in this study. Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into three groups including control (P1), CFA inhalation for 24 hours (P2), and CFA inhalation for 30 days (P3). Mice in the P2 and P3 groups were exposed to CFA measuring 0. 075 mm with doses equal to 12. 5 mg/m3 for 1 hour/day. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and the percentage of blood eosinophils were examined as parameters of toxic effects. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the toxic effects between groups. Results: MDA were significantly increased in between groups (p<0. 05). The percentage of blood eosinophils in P1 was significantly differenced to P2 and P3 (p=0. 04 and p=0. 14, respectively), however there was no different than P2 and P3 (p = 0. 891). Conclusions: CFA inhalation induces toxic effects through increased oxidative stress and inflammation in mice models. This may indicates health hazards after CFA inhalation.

The use of pervious concrete has been significantly considered in recent years. This consideration is due to the properties of pervious concrete in relation to the environmental sustainability that is utilized in the effective management of the runoff from rainfall. COAL extraction and rice husk obtained from milling, produces wastes that have no application and followed by environmental pollution. The purpose of current research is to evaluate the effects of COAL waste ASH (CWA) and rice husk ASH (RHA) and to compare the mechanical properties of pervious concrete pavement with concrete having ASH. Therefore, both of these wastes were burned and after that XRF testing it was observed that they have achieved pozzolanic properties. In order to strengthen pozzoli cement, certain amount of CWA and RHA as a cement replacement were added to concrete mixtures. The results indicated that the addition of RHA and CWA improved the mechanical properties of pervious concrete. However, the optimum percentage is dramatically varying. Among these, the effectiveness of CWA is more significant compared to RHA. By increasing the amount of CWA and RHA to the optimum level, the permeability of the pervious concrete had simultaneously decreased. However, beyond the optimum level, it may show inverse respond.

Tabas mines in Iran have COAL sources which are suitable for use in metallurgy industries as coking COAL. But the high sulfur content of this COAL imposes severe limitations on its utilization as the sulfur oxide gases evolved from the combustion of high sulfur COALs result in acid rains and corrosion of equipments. In this work, attempts have been made to reduce sulfur from high sulfur COAL of Tabas by froth flotation. Laboratory tests were carried out in order to investigate the influence of various collectors, frothers, pyrite depressants and their consumption dosages on ASH and sulfur reduction of Tabas COAL. The use of kerosene as a collector and pine oil as a frother has decreased ASH and sulfur content of COAL more than other collectors and frothers. Although use of sodium polyacrylic acid as a pyrite depressant improved the total recovery of COAL concentrate but did not enhance the reduction of sulfur.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of COAL waste ASH and rice husk ASH on mechanical properties of the stone matrix asphalt mixtures. In this study, of COAL waste ASH and rice husk ASHes was used as a substitute for limestone powder in percentages (0 %, 25 %, 75 %, 75 % and 100 %)in the stone matrix asphalt mixtures. also to prevent drain down of this mixture, the cellulose fibers and SBS polymer fibers were used. in order to investigate the performance characteristics of mixtures the Marshall stability test, Resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, moisture sensitivity, dynamic creep, and wheel tracking tests were performed. the results showed that the replacement of rice husk ASH with limestone powder has improved the performance characteristics of the mixture. While the use of COAL waste ASH is only enhanced the moisture sensitivity of mixtures and it has a negative effect on the performance properties of mixtures.

The effect of frother dosage (67, 200, and 400 g/t), collector dosage (200, 600, and 1000 g/t), and frother type (Mixed aliphatic alcohol (MAA), Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (MIBC), and pine oil) on the flotation performance of three COAL samples with various ASH contents of 45.1% (high ASH content COAL, HAC), 36.8% (moderate ASH content COAL, MAC), and 30.7% (low ASH content COAL, LAC) was studied. The optimal flotation conditions for each COAL sample were quite different. For HAC, a clean COAL with an ASH content of 12.8% and a yield of 38% was produced under optimal conditions using MIBC as the frother dosage of 361 g/t, and a collector dosage of 200 g/t. In the case of MAC, a clean COAL with an ASH content of 10.2% and a yield of 46% was produced under optimal flotation conditions using MAA as the frother dosage of 148 g/t, and a collector dosage of 200 g/t. For LAC, a clean COAL with an ASH content of 9.87% and a yield of 57.4% was produced under optimal flotation conditions using pine oil as the frother dosage of 174 g/t, and a collector dosage of 1000 g/t. For LAC feed COAL, in comparison with HAC feed COAL, a lower frother at dosage, higher collector dosage, and pine oil frother instead of MIBC must be used. The optimal conditions for HAC flotation were validated in a COAL wASHing plant. After conducting the necessary modifications to the flotation reagent scheme, yield, combustive material recovery (CMR) and separation efficiency (SE) of the plant increased by 5.9%, 11%, and 7.5%, respectively which results in more clean COAL production of about 14160 t/y.